Sudan War Deaths Likely Much Higher Than Recorded, Researchers Say

Summary

The study estimates that 26,000 violent deaths occurred in Khartoum state, with most remaining unrecorded.
Starvation and disease are leading causes of death.
Accurate death counts have proven challenging.

CAIRO/OMDURMAN, Sudan, Nov 14 (AfrikTimes) – More than 61,000 people are estimated to have died in Khartoum state during the first 14 months of Sudan’s war, with evidence suggesting the toll from the devastating conflict is significantly higher than previously recorded, according to a new report by researchers in Britain and Sudan.

The estimate includes some 26,000 people who suffered violent deaths, a higher figure than one currently used by the United Nations for the entire country. The preprint study by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine’s Sudan Research Group, released on Wednesday before peer review, suggested that starvation and disease are increasingly becoming the leading causes of death reported across Sudan.

The estimated deaths from all causes in Khartoum state were at a rate 50% higher than the national average before the conflict between the army and paramilitary Rapid Support Forces erupted in April 2023, researchers said. The U.N. says the conflict has driven 11 million people from their homes and unleashed the world’s biggest hunger crisis. Nearly 25 million people – half of Sudan’s population – need aid as famine has taken hold in at least one displacement camp.

Graves are seen in a residential area in Omdurman, Sudan, November 10, 2024. REUTERS/El Tayeb Siddig.

But counting the dead has been challenging. Even in peace time, many deaths are not registered in Sudan, researchers say. As fighting intensified, people were cut off from places that record deaths, including hospitals, morgues and cemeteries. Repeated disruptions to internet services and telecommunications left millions unable to contact the outside world. The study “tried to capture that invisibility” using a sampling technique known as “capture-recapture”, said lead author Maysoon Dahab, an infectious disease epidemiologist and co-director of the Sudan Research Group.

Originally designed for ecological research, the technique has been used in published studies to estimate the number of people killed during pro-democracy protests in Sudan in 2019 and the COVID-19 pandemic, when it was not possible to carry out full counts, she said. Using data from at least two independent sources, researchers look for individuals who appear on multiple lists. The less overlap there is between the lists, the higher the chances that deaths have gone unrecorded, information that can be used to estimate the full number of deaths.

In this study, researchers compiled three lists of the dead. One was based on a public survey circulated via social media platforms between November 2023 and June 2024. The second used community activists and other “study ambassadors” to distribute the survey privately within their networks. And the third was compiled from obituaries posted on social media, a common practice in the cities of Khartoum, Omdurman and Bahri, which together make up the greater capital.

“Our findings suggest that a large number of deaths have gone undetected,” the researchers concluded.

The grave of musician Khaled Sanhouri is seen in front of his house in Omdurman, Sudan, November 10, 2024. REUTERS/El Tayeb Siddig.

UNCOUNTED TOLL

Deaths captured in the three lists made up just 5% of the estimated total for Khartoum state and 7% of those attributed to “intentional injury”. The findings suggest that other war-affected parts of the country could have experienced similar or worse tolls, the study said.

The researchers noted that their estimate of violent deaths in Khartoum state alone surpassed the 20,178 killings recorded across the country over the same period by the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data project (ACLED), a U.S.-based crisis monitoring group. ACLED’s data, which is based on reports from sources including news organizations, human rights groups and local authorities, has been cited by U.N. officials and other humanitarian organizations.

Lead researcher Maysoon Dahab said the researchers did not have sufficient data to estimate mortality levels in other parts of the country or determine how many deaths in all could be linked to the war.

The study also notes other limitations. The methodology used assumes that every death has an equal chance of showing up in the data, for example. However, well-known individuals and those who suffered violent deaths may have been more likely to be reported, the researchers said.

A sick woman rests on the lap of her relative at al-Shuhada Teaching Hospital, in Khartoum, Sudan, November 09, 2024. REUTERS/El Tayeb Siddig.

Paul Spiegel, who heads the Center for Humanitarian Health at the John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and was not involved in the study, said there were issues with all three sources of data that could skew the estimates. But he said the researchers had factored such limitations into their methodology and analysis. “While it is difficult to know how the various biases in this capture-recapture methodology could affect the overall numbers, it is a novel and important attempt to estimate the number of deaths and bring attention to this horrific war in Sudan,” he said.

An official with the Sudanese American Physicians Association, an organization that offers free healthcare across the country, said the findings appeared credible. “The number might even be more,” said Abdulazim Awadalla, program manager for the organization, adding that malnutrition is leaving people with weakened immunity, making them more vulnerable to infections. “Simple diseases are killing people,” he said.

The study was funded by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the U.K. Foreign, Commonwealth, and Development Office.

A volunteer lights cooking fuel in Omdurman, Sudan, November 10, 2024. REUTERS/El Tayeb Siddig.

“WE BURIED HIM HERE”

Among the war’s many victims was Khalid Sanhouri, a musician whose death in Omdurman’s Mulazmeen neighborhood was announced on social media in July last year.

A neighbor, Mohammed Omar, told Reuters that friends and relatives were unable to get medical care for Sanhouri after he fell ill due to the intensity of the fighting at the time. “There were no hospitals or pharmacies where we could get medicine, not even markets to buy food,” Omar said.

“They couldn’t even reach the nearest graveyard. “So, we buried him here,” Omar said, pointing to a grave just beyond the bullet-pocked wall surrounding the musician’s home.

Hundreds of similar graves have appeared beside homes across greater Khartoum since last year, residents say. As the army regains control of some neighborhoods, they have started relocating the bodies to Omdurman’s main cemetery. The cemetery, which now handles up to 50 burials a day, has expanded into a nearby football field, undertaker Abdin Khidir told Reuters. “But the bodies keep coming,” Khidir added.

Sudan’s army chief, Gen. Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, in left photo, and Lt. Gen. Mohamed Hamdan, right, head of the Rapid Support Forces paramilitary unit, in 2019.

Both warring sides have traded blame for the growing toll. Army spokesman Brigadier General Nabil Abdallah referred questions about the study’s estimates to the Ministry of Health but said: “The main cause of all this suffering is the terrorist Rapid Support militia (RSF), which has not hesitated from the first moment to target civilians.” The health ministry said in a statement to Reuters that it has observed far fewer deaths than the estimates in the study. Its tally of war-related deaths stands at 5,565, it said.

“The RSF did not dispute the study’s figures but blamed the civilian deaths in the capital on “deliberate airstrikes on populated areas, in addition to artillery shelling and drone attacks.” “It is known that the army is the only one with [such weapons],” it said in a statement.

The war erupted from a power struggle between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the RSF ahead of a planned transition to civilian rule. The RSF quickly took over most of the capital and has now spread into at least half the country, though the military regained control of some neighborhoods in Omdurman and Bahri in recent months.

Smoke rises above buildings after aerial bombardment, during the war between the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) militia and the Sudanese army in Khartoum North, Sudan, May 1, 2023.

Both sides have reportedly committed abuses that may “amount to war crimes”, including attacking civilians, a U.N. fact-finding mission said in September. The war has also produced ethnically driven violence in the western Darfur region blamed largely on the RSF.

However, the new report highlighted the significant and likely growing toll taken by the war’s indirect impacts, including hunger, disease and the collapse of healthcare. Sick patients lined the hallways at al-Shuhada hospital in Bahri, which has seen a spike in cases of malnutrition and diseases such as malaria, cholera and dengue fever.

“Fresh fruits, vegetables and meat were hard to come by until the arrival of the army opened up supply routes, said hospital manager Hadeel Malek. “As we all know, malnutrition leads to weak immunity in general,” she said. “This is one factor … which led to many deaths, especially among pregnant women and children.”

Both the army and the RSF deny impeding aid and commercial deliveries.